轴承的安装是否正确，影响着精度、寿命、性能。因此，设计及组装部门对于轴承的安装要充分研究。希望要按照作业标准进行安装。
Whether the bearing is installed correctly affects the accuracy, life and performance. Therefore, the design and assembly department should fully study the bearing installation. It is hoped that installation will be carried out according to the operation standard.
作业标准的项目通常如下：
The operation standard items are usually as follows:
（1）清洗轴承及轴承关连部
(1) cleaning bearings and bearings.
（2）检查关连部件的尺寸及精加工情况
(2) check the dimensions and finish machining of related parts.
（3）安装
(3) installation
（4）安装好轴承后的检查
(4) inspection after installation of bearings.
（5）供给润滑剂
(5) supply lubricants
安装轴承中常出现的问题：
Common problems in the installation of bearings:
1、内外圈不处于同一旋转中心，造成轴偏斜
1, the inner and outer circles are not in the same rotation center, causing the axis deviation.
轴偏斜是实际运行轴承中普遍存在的现象，轴心线的偏斜是造成推力轴承失效的主要原因之一。造成轴承与轴不对中的原因有：（1）轴倾斜；（2）转子安装误差；（3）转子制造误差；（4）轴、转子以及轴承运转时产生的热弹性变形。轴偏斜造成每块瓦的油膜厚度、压力分布、瓦面温度均不相同，其中对油膜厚度、压力分布影响很大，对瓦面温度分布影响较小；轴偏斜使轴承内产生不均匀的流体动压力，导致轴所受油膜力波动，随偏斜程度增大，油膜力波动越严重；在全油润滑状态下，微小的偏斜角变化会造成最小油膜厚度和最大压力明显的变化，但瓦面最高温度变化很小。综上所述，轴偏斜造成轴承内的油膜厚度不均匀，可能导致油膜破裂，使轴承失效。
Shaft deflection is a common phenomenon in actual operating bearings. The deflection of shaft center line is one of the main causes of thrust bearing failure. The causes of the misalignment between the bearing and the shaft are: (1) shaft tilt; (2) rotor installation error; (3) rotor manufacturing error; (4) thermal elastic deformation of the shaft, the rotor and the bearing in operation. The oil film thickness, pressure distribution and pad surface temperature of each pad are different because of the shaft deflection, which has a great influence on the oil film thickness and pressure distribution, but has a little influence on the pad surface temperature distribution. The more serious the motion is, the smaller the deflection angle changes under the condition of full oil lubrication, the smaller the change of minimum film thickness and maximum pressure, but the change of the highest temperature of the tile surface is very small. In summary, shaft deflection causes uneven oil film thickness in the bearing, which may lead to oil film rupture and failure of the bearing.
安装时，为了尽可能保持同心，最好的办法是采用整体结构的外壳，并把安装轴承的两个孔一次镗出。如在一根轴上装有不同尺寸的轴承时，外壳上的轴承孔仍应一次镗出，这时可利用衬筒来安装尺寸较小的轴承。当两个轴承孔分在两个外壳上时，则应把两个外壳组合在一起进行镗孔。
In order to be as concentric as possible, the best way to install the bearing is to use an integral shell and bore out the two holes in the bearing at one time. If there are bearings of different sizes on one shaft, the bearing holes on the housing should still be bored out at one time, then smaller bearings can be installed with a liner. When the two bearing holes are divided into two shells, two shells should be combined for boring.
2、安装不到位，有偏差或未安装到轴承位，造成轴承游隙过小
2, the installation is not in place, there is deviation or not installed to the bearing position, resulting in bearing clearance too small.
运转时，轴的温度一般高于外圈的温度，轴的轴向和径向热膨胀将大于外壳的热膨胀，如果轴承游隙过小，可能会导致卡死。
When running, the shaft temperature is generally higher than the outer ring temperature, axial and radial thermal expansion of the shaft will be greater than the shell thermal expansion, if the bearing clearance is too small, may cause stuck.
3、转动圈与不动圈的过紧配合
3. Tight fit between the rotating ring and the non moving coil.
轴承配合种类的选取，应根据轴承的类型和尺寸、载荷的大小和方向以及载荷的性质等来决定。正确选择的轴承配合应保证轴承正常运转，防止内圈与轴、外圈与外壳孔在工作时发生相对转动。一般地说，当工作载荷的方向不变时，转动圈要比不动圈有更紧一些的配合，因为转动圈承受旋转的载荷，而不动圈承受局部的载荷。当转速愈高、载荷愈大和振动愈强烈时，则应选用愈紧的配合。当轴承安装于薄壁外壳或空心轴上时，也应采用较紧的配合。但是过紧的配合是不利的，这时可能因内外圈的弹性膨胀和外圈的收缩而使轴承内部的游隙减小甚至完全消失，也可能由于相配合的轴和座孔表面的不规则形状或不均匀的刚性而导致轴承内外圈不规则的变形，这些都将会破坏轴承的正常工作。过紧的配合还会使装拆困难，尤其对于重型机械。
The selection of matching types of bearings should be decided by the type and size of bearings, the magnitude and direction of loads and the nature of loads. Correct selection of bearing fit should ensure the normal operation of the bearing, to prevent the inner ring and shaft, outer ring and shell hole in the operation of the relative rotation. Generally speaking, when the direction of the working load is unchanged, the rotating ring has a tighter fit than the fixed ring, because the rotating ring bears the rotating load, while the moving ring bears the local load. The higher the speed, the greater the load and the stronger the vibration, the tighter coordination should be used. When bearings are mounted on thin-walled shells or hollow shafts, tighter coordination should also be adopted. However, the over-tight matching is unfavorable. At this time, the internal clearance of the bearing may be reduced or even completely disappeared due to the elastic expansion of the inner and outer rings and the contraction of the outer rings. The irregular deformation of the inner and outer rings of the bearing may be caused by the irregular shape or uneven rigidity of the matching shaft and the surface of the seat hole. All these will be destroyed. Normal operation of bearings. Too tight coordination will make it difficult to assemble and disassemble, especially for heavy machinery.
4、安装过程中，预紧力过大
4. During the installation process, the pre tightening force is too large.
预紧力是利用装配过程中施加的外力给予轴承适当的预紧负荷。预紧力过小会使轴承工作时存在间隙，导致支撑刚度和旋转精度降低，引起振动和噪声。预紧力过大，会增加滚动体与内、外套圈滚道的摩擦，运转时温度升高过快，降低传动效率，减小轴承寿命。只有施加合适的预紧力才可以消除轴向间隙，减小反向误差，提高轴系回转精度，降低振动及噪声。给予轴承适当的预紧力，即使轴承经过一定时间的运转后，轴承的相对位置略有变化，预先施加负荷仍能使轴承内外圈位置保持稳定，因此安装时预紧力的控制十分重要。
The preload is the appropriate preload on the bearing by the external force applied in the assembly process. If the preload is too small, there will be clearance when the bearing is working, which will lead to the reduction of support stiffness and rotational accuracy, resulting in vibration and noise. If the pre-tightening force is too large, the friction between the roller and the raceways of the inner and outer rings will be increased, the temperature will be raised too fast, the transmission efficiency will be reduced, and the bearing life will be reduced. only by applying proper pre-tightening force can the axial clearance be eliminated, the reverse error be reduced, the rotational accuracy of the shafting be improved, and the vibration and noise be reduced. Given proper preloading force, even if the relative position of the bearing changes slightly after a certain period of operation, preloading can still keep the position of the bearing inner and outer rings stable, so it is very important to control the preloading force during installation.
希望在即将安装前，方才打开轴承包装。一般润滑脂润滑，不清洗，直接填充润滑脂。润滑油润滑，普通也不必清洗，但是，仪器用或高速用轴承等，要用洁净的油洗净，除去涂在轴承上的防锈剂。除去了防锈剂的轴承，易生锈，所以不能放置不顾。再者，已封入润滑脂的轴承，不清洗直接使用。
It is hoped that the bearing packing will be opened before the installation is ready. General grease is lubricated, not cleaned, directly filled with grease. Lubricant lubrication, ordinary also need not be cleaned, but, instruments or high-speed bearings, to use clean oil to clean, remove the anti-rust coating on the bearing. The rust removed from the rust inhibitor is easy to rust, so it can not be ignored. Moreover, bearings bearing grease are not cleaned and used directly.
轴承的安装方法，因轴承结构、配合等条件而异。一般而言，由于多为轴旋转，所以内圈需要过盈配合。圆柱孔轴承，多用压力机压入，或多用热装方法。锥孔的场合，直接安装在锥度轴上，或用套筒安装。
The bearing installation method is different from the bearing structure and matching conditions. Generally speaking, the inner ring needs interference fit because of multi axis rotation. Cylindrical bore bearings are usually pressed into or pressed by a press. The cone hole is directly mounted on the taper shaft or installed with sleeve.
安装到外壳时，一般游隙配合多，外圈有过盈量，通常用压力机压入，或也有冷却后安装的冷缩配合方法。用干冰作冷却剂，冷缩配合安装的场合，空气中的水分会凝结在轴承的表面。所以，需要适当的防锈措施。轴承的安装一般需要借助轴承加热器等专业的工具。
Installation to the shell, general clearance with more, the outer ring has interference, usually press in, or there are cooling installation after the cold shrinkage fit method. When dry ice is used as coolant and cold shrinkage matches installation, moisture in the air will condense on the surface of the bearing. Therefore, appropriate anti rust measures are needed. The installation of bearings usually requires specialized tools such as bearing heaters.
